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35
as a consequence of filler exposure. As observed in previous 7. Demarco FF, Corrêa MB, Cenci MS, Moraes RR, Opdam NJ.
studies, 35,39 in the present study, the surface treatment did not Longevity of posterior composite restorations: not only a
influence the bond strength. The use of a chemically compat- matter of materials. Dent Mater. 2012;28:87-101.
ible adhesive system is an important factor in adhesion. 21,34 8. Moncada G, Martin J, Fernández E, Hempel MC, Mjör IA,
Gordan VV. Sealing, refurbishment and repair of Class I and
However, creating a synergistic effect between mechanical Class II defective restorations: a three-year clinical trial. J Am
treatment and adhesive system might be the main rule for Dent Assoc. 2009;140:425-32.
achieving effective and durable adhesion between the two 9. Blum IR, Lynch CD, Wilson NH. Teaching of direct composite
composite increments of a repaired composite restoration. 35,36 restoration repair in undergraduate dental schools in the
Since the use of bonding agents may mask the effect of me- United Kingdom and Ireland. Eur J Dent Educ. 2012;16:e53-8.
chanical treatments, these effects could have been better eval- 10. Lynch CD, Blum IR, Frazier KB, Haisch LD, Wilson NH. Repair
uated if a negative control group (without bonding agent) had or replacement of defective direct resin-based composite
restorations: Contemporary teaching in U.S. and Canadian
been added to the study. 35 dental schools. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012;143:157-63.
In the present study, no differences were found in failure 11. Brunton PA, Ghazali A, Tarif ZH, Loch C, Lynch C, Wilson N, et
mode, which is consistent with bond strength results. al. Repair vs replacement of direct composite restorations: a
survez of teaching and operative techniques in Oceania. J
Dent. 2017;59:62-7.
Conclusions 12. Rinastiti M, Ozcan M, Siswomihardjo W, Busscher HJ.
Immediate repair bond strengths of microhybrid, nanohybrid
and nanofilled composites after different surface treatments.
Exposure to mouthwashes decreased the microhardness of J Dent. 2010;38:29-38.
the composite resin but did not affect the composite repair 13. Fernández EM, Martin JA, Angel PA, Mjör IA, Gordan VV,
bond strength. The shear bond strength and failure mode Moncada GA. Survival rate of sealed, refurbished and
were not influenced by surface treatment. repaired defective restorations: 4-year follow-up. Braz Dent J.
2011;22:134-9.
14. Bagheri R, Tyas MJ, Burrow MF. Subsurface degradation of
resin-based composites. Dent Mater. 2007;23:944-51.
Ethical disclosures
15. Fawzy AS, El-Askary FS, Amer MA. Effect of surface
Protection of human and animal subjects. The authors treatments on the tensile bond strength of repaired water-
declare that no experiments were performed on humans or aged anterior restorative micro-fine hybrid resin composite. J
animals for this study. Dent. 2008;36:969-76.
16. Ferracane JL. Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental
Confidentiality of data. The authors declare that no patient polymer networks. Dent Mater 2006;22:211-22.
17. Jaffer F, Finer Y, Santerre JP. Interactions between resin
data appear in this article.
monomers and commercial composite resins whit human
Right to privacy and informed consent. The authors declare saliva derived esterase. Biomaterials. 2002;23:1707-19.
that no patient data appear in this article. 18. Almeida GS, Poskus LT, Guimarães JG, da Silva EM. The effect
of mouthrinses on salivary sorption, solubility and surface
degradation of a nanofilled and a hybrid resin composite.
Oper Dent. 2010;35:105-11.
Conflict of interest 19. Ferracane JL, Marker VA. Solvent degradation and reduced
fracture toughness in aged composites. J Dent Res.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. 1992;71:13-9.
20. Rodrigues SA Jr, Ferracane JL, Della Bona A. Influence of
surface treatments on the bond strength of repaired resin
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