Page 9 - SPEMD_59-2

Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia,
Medicina Dentária e Cirurgia Maxilofacial

rev port estomatol med dent cir maxilofac. 2018;59(2):67-74

Original research

Interrelationship between facial pattern,
malocclusion, TMDs, head and neck posture

and type of breathing in young people

b
a,c,
a
a
Sara Valinhas , Maria Paço , Ricardo Santos , Teresa Pinho *
a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
b ESS-IPP, Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
c IBMC – Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S – Inst. Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Objectives: To compare occlusal, facial, and craniocervical postural characteristics according
Received 2 November 2017 to the breathing pattern, study the association between temporomandibular disorders’
Accepted 4 August 2018 (TMDs) class and severity, gauge the influence of the breathing pattern, head and neck
Available online 11 September 2018 posture, occlusal class, and facial pattern on TMDs severity and the lower cervicofacial ratio,
and identify any prevalent differences in TMDs severity by gender.
Keywords: Methods: This cross-sectional study included a convenience sample of 139 individuals, 81
Craniocervical posture females (58.3%) and 58 males (41.7%), with a mean age of 13.0±0.72 years old. Data were
Dental occlusion collected from observations, medical forms and photographic records. We classified TMDs
Malocclusion severity according to Fonseca Anamnestic Index and used Software for Postural Assessment.
Oral breathing Results: Compared to nasal breathers, oral breathers exhibited a predominance of Class II
Temporomandibular disorders occlusion (p<0.01), a convex profile (p<0.05), increased cervicofacial ratio (p<0.01), and a
tendency for head anteriorization (p<0.05). An association between TMDs and individuals
with Class II occlusion was also found (p<0.01). Oral breathers showed a greater risk of in-
creased lower cervicofacial ratio and mild TMDs (OR: 9.64 and 4.01, respectively). Signs and
symptoms of TMDs appeared in 60% of young females, though the difference between gen-
ders was not significant (p=0.290).
Conclusions: We detected associations between oral breathing and head anteriorization,
TMDs, Class II malocclusion, convex facial profile, and increased lower cervicofacial ratio.
TMDs were associated with occlusal Class II, and oral breathing increased the risk of deve-
loping mild TMDs and increased lower cervicofacial ratio. (Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir
Maxilofac. 2018;59(2):67 -74)
© 2018 Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e Medicina Dentária.
Publicado por SPEMD. Este é um artigo Open Access sob uma licença CC BY -NC -ND
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by -nc -nd/4.0/).

* Corresponding author.
Correio eletrónico: teresa.pinho@iucs.cespu.pt (Teresa Pinho).
http://doi.org/10.24873/j.rpemd.2018.09.229
1646-2890/© 2017 Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e Medicina Dentária. Published by SPEMD.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).